教統

教統（阿拉伯語：الإِجازَة，音伊賈扎，意為"許可"、"文憑"、"執照"；英語：Ijazah，複數形式：ijazahs 或 ijazat）亦可稱道統、道譜，是指伊斯蘭教各蘇菲主義門宦資格認證系統。它是一種授權持有者傳播某種文本或知識，尤其是伊斯蘭教理和教法的憑證，由已擁有此類權威的人頒授。這種執照通常意味着學生已經通過學習，從有權威的老師那裏獲得了這些知識，儘管隨着時間的推移，這一要求變得不那麼嚴格^[1]。

教統往往可上溯至聖訓（hadith）、伊斯蘭教法（fiqh）和《古蘭經》註釋（tafsir）的文本；但也出現在神秘主義、歷史和語言學作品中，以及文學集中。雖然教統主要與遜尼派相關，但這個概念在什葉派十二伊瑪目派的聖訓傳統中也有出現。

《天方正學》的記載

藍子羲《天方正學》稱：「天方道統，始於人祖阿丹。自阿丹大聖至穆至聖，為道統十一代」。如：戛迪林耶學派道統始於盤龍山道祖，經祁靜一、雲南道祖、周道祖、馬道祖、馮道祖、安道祖、楊道祖等七世。

學位

阿拉伯帝國的教統制直接影響了歐洲中世紀大學的學位制度^[2]^[3] 。

參考資料

^ Vajda, G., Goldziher, I. and Bonebakker, S.A. Id̲j̲āza. P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (編). Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd. Brill. 2012. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3485.
^ Al-Attas, Syed Farid. From Jāmi' ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue. Current Sociology. 1 January 2006, 54 (1): 112–132 [2024-08-19]. ISSN 0011-3921. S2CID 144509355. doi:10.1177/0011392106058837. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-09-23）. In the 1930s, the renowned Orientalist Alfred Guillaume noted strong resemblances between Muslim and Western Christian institutions of higher learning. An example he cited is the ijazah, which he recognized as being akin to the medieval licentia docendi, the precursor of the modern university degree.
^ Devin J. Stewart. Degrees, or Ijazah. Josef W. Meri (編). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge: 201–203. 2005. ISBN 9781135455965. The license to teach law and issue legal opinions [...] is the type of ijazah that resembles the medieval European university degree most closely [...] The main difference between the two is that the granting authority is an individual professor, in the Islamic case, rather than a corporate institution in the case of the university. Despite this point, Makdisi has likened the ijazat al-ifta' wa'l-tadris to the medieval Latin licentia docendi and suggests that it served as a model for that degree.

[EI2-1] Vajda, G., Goldziher, I. and Bonebakker, S.A. Id̲j̲āza. P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (編). Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd. Brill. 2012. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3485.

[Attas-2] Al-Attas, Syed Farid. From Jāmi' ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue. Current Sociology. 1 January 2006, 54 (1): 112–132 [2024-08-19]. ISSN 0011-3921. S2CID 144509355. doi:10.1177/0011392106058837. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-09-23）. In the 1930s, the renowned Orientalist Alfred Guillaume noted strong resemblances between Muslim and Western Christian institutions of higher learning. An example he cited is the ijazah, which he recognized as being akin to the medieval licentia docendi, the precursor of the modern university degree.

[stewart-3] Devin J. Stewart. Degrees, or Ijazah. Josef W. Meri (編). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge: 201–203. 2005. ISBN 9781135455965. The license to teach law and issue legal opinions [...] is the type of ijazah that resembles the medieval European university degree most closely [...] The main difference between the two is that the granting authority is an individual professor, in the Islamic case, rather than a corporate institution in the case of the university. Despite this point, Makdisi has likened the ijazat al-ifta' wa'l-tadris to the medieval Latin licentia docendi and suggests that it served as a model for that degree.

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