File:Angular Parameters of Elliptical Orbit.png

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描述	Raytraced image showing the concepts of inclination (i), longitude of the ascending node (Ω), argument of the periapsis (ω), and true anomaly (ν) for a "minor" object in an elliptic orbit around a larger object.
日期	2005年11月23日 (原始上传日期)
来源	无法识别来源。根据版权声明推断为其自己的作品。
作者	无法识别作者。根据版权声明推断作者为Peo~commonswiki。

本图片使用POV-Ray创作.

摘要

Description (English)

Raytraced image showing the concepts of inclination (i), longitude of the ascending node (Ω), argument of the periapsis (ω), and true anomaly (ν) for a "minor" object in an elliptic orbit around a larger object.

Legend

Letters in the image denote:

A – Minor, orbiting body
B – Major body being orbited by A
C – Reference plane, e.g. the ecliptic
D – Orbital plane of A
E – Ascending node
F – Descending node
G – Periapsis
H – Apoapsis
i – Inclination
J – Reference direction; for orbits in or near the ecliptic, usually the vernal point
Ω – Longitude of the ascending node
ω – Argument of the periapsis
ν – True anomaly

The red line is the line of apsides; going through the periapsis (G) and apoapsis (H); this line coincides wíth the major axis in the elliptical shape of the orbit

The green line is the node line; going through the ascending (E) and descending node (F); this is where the reference plane (C) intersects the orbital plane (D).

Raytracing

This image was created using the Persistence of Vision Raytracer and the scene description code below: You can use this free raytracing package and the scene description below to re-render the image in new resolutions, or modify the description and thus the image being rendered.

A few notes of caution for those who want to do their own renditions of this image:

The "camera" (viewpoint) assumes that the image format is square (i.e. has the same number of pixels in width and height) - to achieve this, use the +w and +h command line options to set the same number of pixels in width and height, respectively.
This image comes complete with the letter annotations, and for this, the POV-Ray installation needs access to the TrueType fonts timesbi.ttf (Times new roman, bold and italic) and symbol.ttf (for greek letters). These come as standard on a Microsoft Windows installation, so this image should at least be able to render in POV-Ray for Windows.
A little "dirty trick" is used to put those annotations there; they are text objects placed right in front of the "camera" that "sees" the scenario. Because of this, if you modify the camera location and/or look_at-point in the code, you need to either delete the annotations or make sure they "move with" the camera.

Multiple images in one scene description

Rendering the POV-Ray scene description as shown below renders this image, showing all four angles of the orbital elements: the two remaining orbital elements not shown here are semimajor axis and eccentricity. Using this scene description, you can generate various views (isometric, normal to reference plane, normal to orbit plane) and display various features of the Keplerian orbit. You can also set the background color and whether to display the Cartesian coordinate axes.

The view variable declaration reads:

#declare view=0;

view = 0 sets the camera to an isometric view

view = 1 sets the camera to a view normal to the reference plane

view = 2 sets the camera to a view normal to the orbit plane

The backgroundColor variable declaration reads:

#declare backgroundColor = 0;

backgroundColor = 0 sets the background color as white

backgroundColor = 1 sets the background color as black

The featureCode variable declaration reads:

#declare featureCode = 0;

featureCode = 0 displays all four Keplerian orbit angles (seen here)

featureCode = 1 displays the argument of the periapsis only (see Image:Argument of Periapsis in Elliptical Orbit.png)

featureCode = 2 displays the longitude of the ascending node only (see Image:Longitude of Ascending Node in Elliptical Orbit.png)

featureCode = 3 displays the orbit inclination only (see Image:Inclination in Elliptical Orbit.png)

featureCode = 4 displays the true anomaly only (ADD IMAGE HERE)

Beskrivelse (Dansk)

Raytracet billede der demonstrerer inklination, den opstigende knudes længde og periapsisargumentet for et mindre himmellegeme i elliptisk kredsløb om et større.

Nøgle

Bogstaverne i billedet angiver:

A – Det mindre himmellegeme
B – Det større himmellegeme
C – Referenceplan, f.eks. da:ekliptika
D – Baneplan for A's omløb
E – Nedadgående knude
F – Periapsis
G – Opstigende knude
H – Apoapsis
i – Inklination
J – Referenceretning; for baner i eller nær ekliptikas plan typisk forårspunktet i Vædderen

Ω – Opstigende knudes længde
ω – Periapsisargument

Raytracing

Billedet er lavet med raytracin-programmet Persistence of Vision Raytracer, samt den scenarie-beskrivelse der er vist nedenfor. Du kan bruge dette gratis raytracing-program og beskrivelsen nedenfor til at renderer billedet i nye opløsninger, eller lave ændringer i beskrivelsen og dermed også i det endelige billede.

Et par detaljer man skal være opmærksom på hvis man vil rendere billedet:

"Kameraet" (betragtningspunktet) i billedet går ud fra at det færdige billede får et kvadratisk format, dvs. har lige mange pixels i bredden og højden. Man bør derfor bruge kommandolinje-ordrerne +w og +h til at specificere det samme antal pixels i respektive bredden og højden.
Billedet leveres "komplet", inklusiv bogstav-annotationerne. For at lave disse, Persistence of Vision-programmet have adgang til Truetype-skrifttyperne timesbi.ttf (Times New Roman i fed og kursiv) og symbol.ttf (for græske bogstaver). Disse er standard i en Microsoft Windows-installation, så denne scenarie-beskrivelse skulle kunne køre fejlfrit med Persistence of Vision Raytracer for Windows.
Der er brugt et lille "sidegade-kneb" til at lave bogstav-annotationerne; de er text-objekter anbragt lige foran camera'et, så hvis man flytter på synsretningen mod motivet, skal man enten sørge for at annotationerne "flytter med" synsretningen, eller helt fjerne dem.

Fire billeder ud af én beskrivelse

Hvis man renderer scenariebeskrivelsen som den er vist nedenfor, får man dette billede der viser alle de tre parametre for en omløbsbane der er vinkler. Nogen synes at der er lidt for meget overvældende detaljemylder i billedet, så jeg ændrede beskrivelsen så den kan bruges til ikke blot hosstående billede, men også tre andre tilsvarende billeder, der blot kun beskriver én af vinklerne "ad gangen".

I linje 10 i beskrivelsen står der:

#declare View=0;

Som beskrevet i de kommentarer der starter fra linje 11, giver 0'et i ovenstående linje det kombinerede billeder der viser alle tre vinkler. Erstatter man 0'et med enten 1, 2 eller 3, får man billeder der viser én vinkel:

for periapsisargumentet (se Image:Argument of Periapsis in Elliptical Orbit.png)
for den opstigende knudes længde (se Image:Longitude of Ascending Node in Elliptical Orbit.png)
for banehældning (se Image:Inclination in Elliptical Orbit.png)

许可协议

我，本作品著作权人，特此采用以下许可协议发表本作品：

已授权您依据自由软件基金会发行的无固定段落及封面封底文字（Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts, and Back-Cover Texts）的GNU自由文件许可协议1.2版或任意后续版本的条款，复制、传播和／或修改本文件。该协议的副本请见“GNU Free Documentation License”。

	本文件采用知识共享署名-相同方式共享 3.0 未本地化版本许可协议授权。

	您可以自由地：共享 – 复制、发行并传播本作品修改 – 改编作品惟须遵守下列条件：署名 – 您必须对作品进行署名，提供授权条款的链接，并说明是否对原始内容进行了更改。您可以用任何合理的方式来署名，但不得以任何方式表明许可人认可您或您的使用。相同方式共享 – 如果您再混合、转换或者基于本作品进行创作，您必须以与原先许可协议相同或相兼容的许可协议分发您贡献的作品。
	本许可协议标签作为GFDL许可协议更新的组成部分被添加至本文件。CC BY-SA 3.0truetrue

您可以选择您需要的许可协议。

POV-Ray scene description

POV-ray image description:

/*
ClassicalOrbitalElements.pov

Description:
    This scene shows the six classical orbital elements, namely:
    1) semimajor axis, a (implicit)
    2) eccentricity, e (implicit)
    3) orbit inclinaton, i
    4) argument of the ascending node, Omega
    5) argument of periapsis, omega
    6) true anomaly, nu 
    
Created by:
    Søren Peo Pedersen
    http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruger:Peo
    ~2005
    
Updated by:
    Bradley Canty
    https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Aero_BSC
    2023/11/23

Updates:
    1. Added true anomaly, nu
    2. Added arrow preferences: ability for angles greater
       than 180 deg and options for arrow head visibility
    3. Added view selection (isometric, normal to reference plane,
       or normal to orbital plane)
    4. Added background color selection (black or white)
    5. Added axes (cartesian triad) display option   
    6. Set the 6 classical orbital elements as variables, which
       can be modified by the user
        
TO DO:
    -- Make ascending and descending nodes move when argument of 
       periapsis, omega_, changed
    -- Make yellow part of angle measurement thing stay in place when
       argument of periapsis, omega_, changed
    -- Fix aspect ratio of output image, see:  
       http://povray.tashcorp.net/tutorials/qd_aspect_ratio/
       https://www.povray.org/documentation/view/3.6.1/153/
    -- Mathematically determine vector normal to orbit plane, to 
       generalize the computation of the camera angle for the view 
       normal to the orbit plane (view 2)
    
================================================
*/

// VIEW PREFERENCES ----------------------------
#declare view = 0;
// 0 for isometric view
// 1 for view normal to reference plane
// 2 for view normal to orbit plane

#declare backgroundColor = 0;
// 0 for black background
// 1 for white background

#declare featureCode = 0;
// 0 for all four angles
// 1 for argument of the periapsis only 
// 2 for longitude of the ascending node only
// 3 for inclination only
// 4 for true anomaly only

#declare axesOn = 0;
// 0 for X, Y, Z axes off
// 1 for X, Y, Z axes on

//---------------------------------------------
   
// Classical Orbital Elements (NOTICE: if these are changed, then the labels must be replaced since it changes the scene!!!)
#declare Sma=20;        // Semimajor axis
#declare ecc=0.6;       // Eccentricity
#declare Omega = 60;    // Longitude of the ascending node, deg
#declare Incl= 60;      // Inclination, deg
#declare omega_ = 140;  // Argument of the periapsis, deg
#declare nu = 250;      // True anomaly, deg, must be in [0,360]

// Derived variables
#declare Smi=sqrt(Sma*Sma*(1-ecc*ecc));  // Semiminor axis
#declare r = Sma*(1-ecc*ecc)/(1+ecc*cos(nu*pi/180)); // distance between major body and minor body


// Texture for latitude and longitude lines on planet
#declare txtLatLonGrid=texture { 
  pigment {color rgb <.4,.7,1>}
  finish {ambient .6}            
  }

// Texture for planet  
#declare txtPlanet=texture {   
  pigment {color rgb <0,.5,1>}
  finish {ambient .6}
  }

// Texture with latitudes only
#local txtLatitudes=texture { 
  gradient y
  texture_map {
    [0 txtPlanet]
    #local Cnt=-9;
    #while (Cnt<9)
      [.5+sin(Cnt*.174533-.02)/2 txtPlanet]
      [.5+sin(Cnt*.174533-.02)/2 txtLatLonGrid]
      [.5+sin(Cnt*.174533+.02)/2 txtLatLonGrid]
      [.5+sin(Cnt*.174533+.02)/2 txtPlanet]
      #local Cnt=Cnt+3;
    #end
    [1 txtPlanet]
    }
  translate <0,-.5,0>
  scale 10    
  }

#local Arrowhead=difference {
  box {<-5,-.002,0>,<0,.002,5> rotate <0,45,0> scale <1,1,3>}
  plane {<0,0,-1>,-1.5}    
  }      
#local AxesArrowhead=difference {
  box {<-6,-.0009,0>,<0,.0009,6> rotate <0,45,0> scale <1,1,3>}
  plane {<0,0,-1>,-2}    
  }  

#macro AngleArc(DegreeNumber,Radius,ArrowheadState,rgbVec)
    #if (DegreeNumber <= 180)  
        #if (ArrowheadState = 0) //Have both arrow heads
          merge {
            difference {
              cylinder {<0,-.002,0>,<0,.002,0>,Radius+.1}
              cylinder {<0,-1,0>,<0,1,0>,Radius-.1}
              plane {<0,0,1>,0 rotate <0,degrees(asin(1/Radius)),0>}
              plane {<0,0,-1>,0 rotate <0,DegreeNumber-degrees(asin(1/Radius)),0>}
              }
            #object {Arrowhead rotate <0,-6,0> translate <Radius,0,0> rotate <0,DegreeNumber-180,0>}
            #object {Arrowhead rotate <0,6,0> translate <-Radius,0,0>}
            
            pigment {color rgb rgbVec}
            finish {ambient 1}
            }   
        #elseif (ArrowheadState = 1) //Have starting arrow head only
          merge {
            difference {
              cylinder {<0,-.002,0>,<0,.002,0>,Radius+.1}
              cylinder {<0,-1,0>,<0,1,0>,Radius-.1}
              plane {<0,0,1>,0 rotate <0,degrees(asin(1/Radius)),0>} 
              plane {<0,0,-1>,0 rotate <0,DegreeNumber,0>}
              }
            #object {Arrowhead rotate <0,6,0> translate <-Radius,0,0>}
            
            pigment {color rgb rgbVec}
            finish {ambient 1}
            }
        #elseif (ArrowheadState = 2) //Have ending arrow head only
          merge {
            difference {
              cylinder {<0,-.002,0>,<0,.002,0>,Radius+.1}
              cylinder {<0,-1,0>,<0,1,0>,Radius-.1}
              plane {<0,0,1>,0 rotate <0,0,0>}
              plane {<0,0,-1>,0 rotate <0,DegreeNumber-degrees(asin(1/Radius)),0>}
              }
            #object {Arrowhead rotate <0,-6,0> translate <Radius,0,0> rotate <0,DegreeNumber-180,0>}
            
            pigment {color rgb rgbVec}
            finish {ambient 1}
            no_shadow
            }
        #end
    #else //DegreeNumber > 180
       #if (ArrowheadState = 0) //Have both arrow heads
          merge {
            difference {
              cylinder {<0,-.002,0>,<0,.002,0>,Radius+.1}
              cylinder {<0,-1,0>,<0,1,0>,Radius-.1}
              plane {<0,0,-1>,0 rotate <0,DegreeNumber-degrees(asin(1/Radius)),0>}   
              plane {<0,0,-1>,0 rotate <0,DegreeNumber,0>}
              }
            difference {
              cylinder {<0,-.002,0>,<0,.002,0>,Radius+.1}
              cylinder {<0,-1,0>,<0,1,0>,Radius-.1}
              plane {<0,0,1>,0 rotate <0,degrees(asin(1/Radius)),0>}
              }
            #object {Arrowhead rotate <0,-6,0> translate <Radius,0,0> rotate <0,DegreeNumber-180,0>}
            #object {Arrowhead rotate <0,6,0> translate <-Radius,0,0>}
            
            pigment {color rgb rgbVec}
            finish {ambient 1}
            no_shadow
            }
        #elseif (ArrowheadState = 1) //Have starting arrow head only
          merge {
            difference {
              cylinder {<0,-.002,0>,<0,.002,0>,Radius+.1}
              cylinder {<0,-1,0>,<0,1,0>,Radius-.1}  
              plane {<0,0,-1>,0 rotate <0,DegreeNumber,0>}
              }
            difference {
              cylinder {<0,-.002,0>,<0,.002,0>,Radius+.1}
              cylinder {<0,-1,0>,<0,1,0>,Radius-.1}
              plane {<0,0,1>,0 rotate <0,degrees(asin(1/Radius)),0>}
              }
            #object {Arrowhead rotate <0,6,0> translate <-Radius,0,0>}
            
            pigment {color rgb rgbVec}
            finish {ambient 1}
            no_shadow
            }
        #elseif (ArrowheadState = 2) //Have ending arrow head only      
          merge {
            difference {
              cylinder {<0,-.002,0>,<0,.002,0>,Radius+.1}
              cylinder {<0,-1,0>,<0,1,0>,Radius-.1}
              plane {<0,0,-1>,0 rotate <0,DegreeNumber-degrees(asin(1/Radius)),0>}   
              plane {<0,0,-1>,0 rotate <0,DegreeNumber,0>}
              }
            difference {
              cylinder {<0,-.002,0>,<0,.002,0>,Radius+.1}
              cylinder {<0,-1,0>,<0,1,0>,Radius-.1}
              plane {<0,0,1>,0 rotate <0,0,0>}
              }
            #object {Arrowhead rotate <0,-6,0> translate <Radius,0,0> rotate <0,DegreeNumber-180,0>}
            
            pigment {color rgb rgbVec}
            finish {ambient 1}
            no_shadow
            }
        #end
    #end    
#end  

#if (backgroundColor = 0)
   background {color rgb <0,0,0>}
   #declare arcRgbVec = <1,1,1>;
   #declare nodeRgbVec = <0.7,0.7,0.7>;

#else
   background {color rgb <1,1,1>}
   #declare arcRgbVec = <0,0,0>;
   #declare nodeRgbVec = <0.8,0.8,0.8>;
#end    

#if (axesOn = 1)
  //Red arrow along x-axis of inertial frame 
  merge {   
    box {<-.3,-.001,0>,<.3,.001,-9>}    
    #object {AxesArrowhead translate <0,0,-10>} 
    pigment {color rgb <.8,0,0>}
    finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0}           
    rotate <0,0,0>
    no_shadow}
  
  //Green arrow along y-axis of inertial frame   
  merge {     
    box {<0,-.001,-.2>,<9,.001,.2>}    
    #object {AxesArrowhead rotate <0,-90,0> translate <10,0,0>}
    pigment {color rgb <0,.8,0>}
    finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0}           
    rotate <0,0,0>
    no_shadow}
  
  //Blue arrow along z-axis of inertial frame
  merge {    
    box {<-.2,0,-.001>,<.2,9,.001>}    
    #object {AxesArrowhead rotate <90,0,0> translate <0,10,0>}
    pigment {color rgb <0,0,1>}       
    finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0}           
    rotate <0,0,0>
    no_shadow}
#end

// Major body ("blue sphere")
sphere {<0,0,0>,5
  texture {
    object {
      union {
        #local Cnt=0;
        #while (Cnt<18)
          box {<-.1,-8,-8>,<.1,8,8> rotate <0,10*Cnt+11,0>}
          #local Cnt=Cnt+3;
        #end
        }
      texture {txtLatitudes}
      texture {txtLatLonGrid}      
      }
    }
  }

#if (featureCode = 0 | featureCode = 2)
  merge {
    //Arrow for reference direction (typically the vernal point)
    box {<-.2,-.0021,0>,<.2,.0021,-23>}      
    #object {Arrowhead translate <0,0,-24>}  
    
    pigment {color rgb<1,0,1>}             
    finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0}           
    rotate <0,0,0>                         
    }
#end

// Longitude of ascending node arc
#if (featureCode=0 | featureCode=2)
  #object { 
    #if (featureCode=2)
     AngleArc(Omega,18,1,arcRgbVec)
    #else
     AngleArc(Omega,5.75,1,arcRgbVec)  
    #end
    rotate <0,270-Omega,0>}  
#end

// Orbit plane texture   
#local txtOrbitPlane=texture {    
  pigment {color rgbt<1,.9,0,0.5>}
  finish {ambient .6}            
  }

// Texture for markings on orbit plane
#local txtOrbitMarking=texture {
  pigment {color rgb<1,.9,0>} 
  finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0}
  }

union {
  //Cylinder to graphically find normal to orbital plane
  //cylinder {<sqrt(Sma*Sma-Smi*Smi),-60,0>,<sqrt(Sma*Sma-Smi*Smi),60,0>,.1 
  //  pigment {color rgb<1,1,0>} 
  //  finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0}}

  // Elliptic "disk" indicating the area inside the orbit
  disc {0,<0,1,0>,1,0
    scale <Sma,1,Smi>
    translate <sqrt(Sma*Sma-Smi*Smi),0,0>
    texture {
      #if (featureCode=0|featureCode=3)
        object {
          difference {
            box {<-1,-1,#if (featureCode=0) -9 #else -18 #end>,<1,1,0>}
            box {<-.8,-2,-1.8>,<.6,2,1>}
            box {<-2,-2,-99>,<.6,2,-2>}        
            #if (featureCode=0)
              translate <16,0,0>
            #else
              translate <7,0,0>
            #end
            rotate <0,-40,0>
            }
          texture {txtOrbitPlane}
          texture {txtOrbitMarking}
          }
      #else
        txtOrbitPlane
      #end
      }
    }
  
  difference {  
    // Orbit edge outline
    cylinder {<0,-.001,0>,<0,.001,0>,1
      scale <Sma+.15,1,Smi+.15>
      }
    cylinder {<0,-1,0>,<0,1,0>,1
      scale <Sma-.15,1,Smi-.15>
      }
    translate <sqrt(Sma*Sma-Smi*Smi),0,0>
    pigment {
      radial
      color_map{
        [0 color rgbt <1,1,0,0>]
        [0.1 color rgbt <1,1,.2,0>]
        [0.3 color rgbt <1,1,.3,0>]
        [0.7 color rgbt <1,1,.4,.5>]
        [.9 color rgbt <1,1,.5,1>]
        [1 color rgbt <1,1,.6,1>]
        }  
      
      rotate <0,180-nu,0>
      }
    finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0}
    }
  
  // Argument of periapsis arc
  #if (featureCode=0)
    #object {AngleArc(omega_,6.5,1,arcRgbVec)} 
  #end
  #if (featureCode=1)
    #object {AngleArc(omega_,9,1,arcRgbVec)}   // Larger arc for argument of periapsis only
  #end
  
  // Minor body ("yellow moon")
  #declare minorBodyPosVec = <0,0,0>;

  #if (nu < 90)
    #declare minorBodyXpos = -r*cos(nu*pi/180);
    #declare minorBodyZpos = -r*sin(nu*pi/180);
  #else
    #declare minorBodyXpos = r*cos(nu*pi/180 - pi);
    #declare minorBodyZpos = r*sin(nu*pi/180 - pi);
  #end  
  
  #declare minorBodyPosVec = <minorBodyXpos,0,minorBodyZpos>;
  
  sphere {
  minorBodyPosVec,1
  pigment {color rgb <1,.8,0>}
  finish {ambient .6}
  }     
  
  #if (featureCode = 0 | featureCode = 4)
      // Line from major body to minor body
      cylinder {
      <0,0,0>,
      minorBodyPosVec,.1
      pigment {color rgb<0,1,1>}
      finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0}
      }   
      // True anomaly arc
      #object {AngleArc(nu,7.25,1,arcRgbVec) rotate <0,360-nu,0>}  
  #end
  
  // Line of apsides    
  #if (featureCode = 0 | featureCode = 1 | featureCode = 4)
    cylinder {
      <sqrt(Sma*Sma-Smi*Smi)-Sma-50,0,0>,
      <sqrt(Sma*Sma-Smi*Smi)+Sma+50,0,0>,.1
      pigment {color rgb<1,0,0>}
      finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0}
      }
  #end
  
  #if (featureCode = 0 | featureCode = 1 | featureCode = 4)
    // Periapsis node
    sphere {<sqrt(Sma*Sma-Smi*Smi)-Sma,0,0>,.5 pigment {color rgb nodeRgbVec} finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0}}
  #end
  
  #if (featureCode = 0 | featureCode = 1 | featureCode = 4)
    // Apoapsis node
    sphere {<sqrt(Sma*Sma-Smi*Smi)+Sma,0,0>,.5 pigment {color rgb nodeRgbVec} finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0}}
  #end
    
  no_shadow
  // Order of elements in rotation tuple DOES MATTER: in rotate function, rotation occurs about x-axis first, then y-axis, then z-axis
  // Order of applying rotations to orient the ellipse DOES MATTER: 
  //    1) rotate about z-axis by argument of the periapsis, omega
  //    2) rotate about x-axis by inclination, inc
  //    3) rotate about z-axis by longitude of the ascending node, Omega   
  // Note: Coordinate frame is screwed up: it is (y,z,x)... SHOULD FIX THIS
  rotate <0,-90,0> // this rotations is needed because the ellipse was not intially oriented correctly... SHOULD FIX THIS
  rotate <0,-omega_,0>  //130 deg rotation about z-axis (but actually the screwed up y axis) 
  rotate <0,0,Incl>  //then 60 deg rotation about x-axis (but actuall the screwed up z axis)
  rotate <0,-Omega,0>  //then 60 deg rotation about z-axis (but actually the screwed up y axis)
}

union {
  #if (featureCode != 4)
    // Line of nodes
    cylinder {<-60,0,0>,<60,0,0>,.1 pigment {color rgb<0,1,0>} finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0}}
  
    // Ascending node
    sphere {<23.6,0,0>,.5 pigment {color rgb nodeRgbVec} finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0}}
    
    // Descending node
    sphere {<-8.8,0,0>,.5 pigment {color rgb nodeRgbVec} finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0}}
  #end
  
  #if (featureCode=0)
    // Measure of inclination
    #object {AngleArc(Incl,8,2,arcRgbVec)  
      rotate <90,-90,0> translate <16.8,0,0>}
      no_shadow
  #end
  #if (featureCode=3)
    // Measure of inclination
    #object {AngleArc(Incl,17,0,arcRgbVec) 
      rotate <90,-90,0> translate <7.8,0,0>}
      no_shadow
  #end

  rotate <0,90-Omega,0> 
}    

//Texture for reference plane
#local RefPlaneChecker=texture {  // Texture for 
  pigment {checker                // reference
    color rgbt<.6,.7,1,.5>        // plane
    color rgbt<.48,.56,.8,.5>
    scale 3
    }
  finish {ambient .4}
  }

//Texture for markings on reference plane
#local RefPlaneMark=texture {     // Texture for
  pigment {checker                // markings on
    color rgbt<.6,.7,1,0>         // reference
    color rgbt<.48,.56,.8,0>      // plane
    scale 3
    }
  finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0}
  }


merge { // The reference plane
  triangle {<-9,0,-21>,<21,0,-21>,<-9,0,9>}
  triangle {<21,0,9>,<21,0,-21>,<-9,0,9>}
  texture {
    #if (featureCode=0|featureCode=3)
      object {
        difference {
          box {<-1,-1,#if (featureCode=0) -9 #else -18 #end>,<1,1,0>}
          box {<-.8,-2,-1.8>,<.6,2,1>}
          box {<-2,-2,-99>,<.6,2,-2>}        
          #if (featureCode=0)
            translate <16,0,0>
          #else
            translate <7,0,0>
          #end
          rotate <0,90-Omega,0>
          }
        texture {RefPlaneChecker}
        texture {RefPlaneMark}
        }
    #else
      RefPlaneChecker
    #end
    }
  }           
  
#switch (view)
    #case (0) // Isometric view
    union { // A, B, C, and D are common for all four images...
    
      // A: Orbiting body
      text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","A",.001,0         
        scale 0.0035 translate <.0135,.014,0>} 
      
      // B: Body being orbited
      text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","B",.001,0         
        scale .0035 translate <-.0045,.0092,0>}
      
      // C: Reference plane
      text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","C",.001,0         
        scale .0035 translate <-.016,-.002,0>}
      
      // D: Orbital plane of A
      text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","D",-.001,0        
        scale .0035 translate <-.002,-.013,0>}
      
      // Deal with "special cases" in each of the four images:
      #switch (featureCode) 
      #case (0) // Letter markings for viewing all four angles
      
        // "Upper-case" Omega at the longitude of ascending node
        text {ttf "symbol.ttf","W",.001,0            
          scale .0035 translate <-.002,0.0038,0>}
        
        // "Lower-case" nu at the true anomaly
        text {ttf "symbol.ttf","\u006E",.001,0      
          scale .0035 translate <.0034,0.007,0>}
        
        // "Lower-case" omega at the argument of the periapsis 
        text {ttf "symbol.ttf","w",.001,0          
          scale .0035 translate <-0.001,.017,0>}
        
        // "Lower-case" i at the inclination
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","i",.001,0         
          scale .0035 translate <.0045,-.0083,0>}
          
        // E: Ascending node  
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","E",.001,0
          scale .0035 translate <.0145,-.003,0>}         
          
        // F: Descending node
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","F",.001,0         
           scale .0035 translate <-.011,.013,0>} 
          
        // G: Periapsis
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","G",.001,0
          scale .0035 translate <-.008,.0175,0>}
          
        // H: Apoapsis
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","H",.001,0         
          scale .0035 translate <.006,-.0182,0>}
          
        // J: Reference direction, e.g. vernal point
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","J",.001,0         
          scale .0035 translate <-.0145,-.014,0>}  
        #break
     
      #case (1)  // Letter markings for viewing only argument of periapsis 
      
        // "lower-case" omega at argument of periapsis
        text {ttf "symbol.ttf","w",.001,0          
          scale .007 translate <.0053,.01,0>}
          
        // E: Ascending node     
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","E",.001,0         
          scale .0035 translate <.0149,-.003,0>}
        
        // F: Periapsis
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","F",-.001,0     
          scale .0035 translate <-.0085,.0167,0>}
        #break
        
      #case (2) // Letter markings for viewing only longitude of ascending node 
      
        // "Upper-case" Omega at longitude of ascending node 
        text {ttf "symbol.ttf","W",.001,0          
          scale .007 translate <0.0005,-.009,0>}
        
        // E: Ascending node  
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","E",.001,0
          scale .0035 translate <.0145,-.003,0>}         
          
        // F: Descending node
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","F",.001,0         
           scale .0035 translate <-.011,.013,0>} 
        #break
        
      #case (3) // Letter markings for viewing only the inclination
        
        // E: Ascending node  
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","E",.001,0
          scale .0035 translate <.0145,-.003,0>}         
          
        // F: Descending node
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","F",.001,0         
           scale .0035 translate <-.011,.013,0>}
        
        // "Lower-case" i at the inclination
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","i",.001,0         
          scale .007 translate <-.011,-.012,0>}
        #break       
        
      #case (4) // Letter markings for viewing only the true anomaly
      
        // "Lower-case" nu at the true anomaly
        text {ttf "symbol.ttf","\u006E",.001,0      
          scale .007 translate <.0015,0.002,0>}
          
        // G: Periapsis
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","G",.001,0
          scale .0035 translate <-.008,.0175,0>}
          
        // H: Apoapsis
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","H",.001,0         
          scale .0035 translate <.006,-.0182,0>}
        #break
      #end
      
      // Common settings for the letters in the image
      #if (backgroundColor = 0)
        pigment {color rgb<1,1,1>}
      #else
        pigment {color rgb<0,0,0>}
      #end
        
      finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0}
      no_shadow
                        
      translate <0,0,.04>
      rotate <51.3765,-13.62699,0>
      translate <11,26,-33>
      }
      
    #case(1) // View normal to the reference plane
    union { // A, B, C, and D are common for all four images...:
      
      // A: Orbiting body
      text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","A",.001,0         
        scale 0.0035 translate <.0095,.0038,0>} 
      
      // B: Body being orbited
      text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","B",.001,0         
        scale .0035 translate <-.009,.004,0>}
      
      // C: Reference plane
      text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","C",.001,0         
        scale .0035 translate <-.011,-.007,0>}
      
      // D: Orbital plane of A
      text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","D",-.001,0        
        scale .0035 translate <.0075,-.008,0>}
      
      // Deal with "special cases" in each of the four images:
      #switch (featureCode) 
      #case (0)  // Letter markings for viewing all four angles
      
        // "Upper-case" Omega at the longitude of ascending node
        text {ttf "symbol.ttf","W",.001,0            
          scale .0035 translate <-.004,-0.0022,0>}
        
        // "Lower-case" nu at the true anomaly
        text {ttf "symbol.ttf","\u006E",.001,0      
          scale .0035 translate <.0012,0.0018,0>}
        
        // "Lower-case" omega at the argument of the periapsis 
        text {ttf "symbol.ttf","w",.001,0          
          scale .0035 translate <-0.0035,.0085,0>}
        
        // "Lower-case" i at the inclination
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","i",.001,0         
          scale .0035 translate <.003,-.007,0>}
          
        // E: Ascending node  
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","E",.001,0         
          scale .0035 translate <.0135,-.005,0>}      
          
        // F: Descending node
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","F",.001,0         
           scale .0035 translate <-.0153,.0065,0>}
          
        // G: Periapsis
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","G",.001,0
          scale .0035 translate <-.01,.012,0>}
          
        // H: Apoapsis
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","H",.001,0         
          scale .0035 translate <.005,-.013,0>}
          
        // J: Reference direction, e.g. vernal point
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","J",.001,0         
          scale .0035 translate <-0.0051,-.0174,0>}  
        #break
     
      #case (1) // Letter markings for viewing only argument of periapsis 
      
        // "lower-case" omega at argument of periapsis
        text {ttf "symbol.ttf","w",.001,0          
          scale .007 translate <-.002,.01,0>}
          
        // E: Ascending node  
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","E",.001,0         
          scale .0035 translate <.0135,-.005,0>}      
          
        // F: Descending node
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","F",.001,0         
           scale .0035 translate <-.0153,.0065,0>}
          
        // G: Periapsis
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","G",.001,0
          scale .0035 translate <-.0125,.012,0>}
          
        // H: Apoapsis
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","H",.001,0         
          scale .0035 translate <.005,-.013,0>}
        #break
        
      #case (2) // Letter markings for viewing only longitude of ascending node 
      
        // "Upper-case" Omega at longitude of ascending node 
        text {ttf "symbol.ttf","W",.001,0          
          scale .007 translate <-0.0015,-.0075,0>}
        
        // E: Ascending node  
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","E",.001,0         
          scale .0035 translate <.0135,-.005,0>}      
          
        // F: Descending node
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","F",.001,0         
           scale .0035 translate <-.0153,.0065,0>}
        
        // J: Reference direction, e.g. vernal point
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","J",.001,0         
          scale .0035 translate <-0.0051,-.0174,0>}  
        #break
        
      #case (3) // Letter markings for viewing only the inclination
      
        // E: Ascending node  
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","E",.001,0         
          scale .0035 translate <.0135,-.005,0>}      
          
        // F: Descending node
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","F",.001,0         
           scale .0035 translate <-.0153,.0065,0>}
           
        // "Lower-case" i at the inclination
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","i",.001,0         
          scale .007 translate <-.005,-.012,0>}
        #break       
        
      #case (4) // Letter markings for viewing only the true anomaly
      
        // "Lower-case" nu at the true anomaly
        text {ttf "symbol.ttf","\u006E",.001,0      
          scale .007 translate <.0005,-0.0015,0>}
        
        // G: Periapsis
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","G",.001,0
          scale .0035 translate <-.01,.012,0>}
          
        // H: Apoapsis
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","H",.001,0         
          scale .0035 translate <.005,-.013,0>}
        #break
      #end
      
      // Common settings for the letters in the image
      #if (backgroundColor = 0)
        pigment {color rgb<1,1,1>}
      #else
        pigment {color rgb<0,0,0>}
      #end
        
      finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0}
      no_shadow
      
      rotate <90,0,0>
      translate <6,44.96,-6>
      }
      
    #case (2) // View normal to the orbital plane
    union { // A, B, C, and D are common for all four images...
      
      // A: Orbiting body
      text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","A",.001,0         
        scale 0.0025 translate <0.0034,.0533,0>} 
      
      // B: Body being orbited
      text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","B",.001,0         
        scale .0025 translate <-.007,.0475,0>}
      
      // C: Reference plane
      text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","C",.001,0         
        scale .0025 translate <0.01,0.0452,0>}
      
      // Deal with "special cases" in each of the four images:
      #switch (featureCode) 
      #case (0) // Letter markings for viewing all four angles
      
        // "Upper-case" Omega at the longitude of ascending node
        text {ttf "symbol.ttf","W",.001,0            
          scale .0025 translate <-0.0025,.0455,0>}
        
        // "Lower-case" nu at the true anomaly
        text {ttf "symbol.ttf","\u006E",.001,0      
          scale .0025 translate <-.00084,0.0484,0>}
        
        // "Lower-case" omega at the argument of the periapsis 
        text {ttf "symbol.ttf","w",.001,0          
          scale .0025 translate <-.005,0.052,0>}
        
        // "Lower-case" i at the inclination
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","i",.001,0         
          scale .0025 translate <.0053,0.043,0>}
          
        // E: Ascending node  
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","E",.001,0         
          scale .0025 translate <.0087,.0483,0>}          
          
        // F: Descending node
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","F",.001,0         
          scale .0025 translate <-0.0127,0.04692,0>}
          
        // G: Periapsis
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","G",.001,0         
          scale .0025 translate <-.0111,0.0505,0>}
          
        // H: Apoapsis
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","H",.001,0 
          scale .0025 translate <.0092,0.034,0>}        
          
        // J: Reference direction, e.g. vernal point
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","J",.001,0         
          scale .0025 translate <0.0025,0.039,0>}  
        #break
        
        // D: Orbital plane of A
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","D",-.001,0        
          scale .0025 translate <-.003,0.036,0>}
     
      #case (1) // Letter markings for viewing only argument of periapsis 
      
        // "lower-case" omega at argument of periapsis
        text {ttf "symbol.ttf","w",.001,0
          scale .005 translate <-.006,0.0535,0>} 
          
        // E: Ascending node     
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","E",.001,0         
          scale .0025 translate <0.0085,0.0483,0>}
          
        // F: Descending node
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","F",.001,0         
          scale .0025 translate <-0.0127,0.04692,0>}
        
        // G: Periapsis
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","G",.001,0         
          scale .0025 translate <-.0111,0.0505,0>}
          
        // H: Apoapsis
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","H",.001,0 
          scale .0025 translate <.0092,0.034,0>}
        
        // D: Orbital plane of A
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","D",-.001,0        
          scale .0025 translate <-.003,0.036,0>}
        
      #case (2) // Letter markings for viewing only longitude of ascending node 
      
        // "Upper-case" Omega at the longitude of ascending node
        text {ttf "symbol.ttf","W",.001,0            
          scale .0045 translate <0.0042,.0425,0>}
        
        // E: Ascending node  
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","E",.001,0         
          scale .0025 translate <.0087,.0483,0>}          
          
        // F: Descending node
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","F",.001,0         
          scale .0025 translate <-0.0127,0.04692,0>}   
          
        // J: Reference direction, e.g. vernal point
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","J",.001,0         
          scale .0025 translate <0.0025,0.039,0>}
        
        // D: Orbital plane of A
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","D",-.001,0        
          scale .0025 translate <-.003,0.036,0>}  
        
        #break
        
      #case (3) // Letter markings for viewing only the inclination
        
        // "Lower-case" i at the inclination
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","i",.001,0         
          scale .005 translate <-.003,0.038,0>}
        
        // E: Ascending node  
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","E",.001,0         
          scale .0025 translate <.0087,.0483,0>}          
          
        // F: Descending node
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","F",.001,0         
          scale .0025 translate <-0.0127,0.04692,0>}
          
        // "Lower-case" i at the inclination
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","i",.001,0         
          scale .007 translate <-.011,-.012,0>}
          
        // D: Orbital plane of A
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","D",-.001,0        
          scale .0025 translate <0.0025,0.036,0>}
        #break       
        
      #case (4) // Letter markings for viewing only the true anomaly 
      
        // "Lower-case" nu at the true anomaly
        text {ttf "symbol.ttf","\u006E",.001,0      
          scale .005 translate <-.0011,0.0445,0>}
          
        // D: Orbital plane of A
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","D",-.001,0        
          scale .0025 translate <-.003,0.036,0>}
          
        // G: Periapsis
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","G",.001,0         
          scale .0025 translate <-.0111,0.0505,0>}
          
        // H: Apoapsis
        text {ttf "timesbi.ttf","H",.001,0 
          scale .0025 translate <.0092,0.034,0>} 
        #break
      #end
      
      // Common settings for the letters in the image
      #if (backgroundColor = 0)
        pigment {color rgb<1,1,1>}
      #else
        pigment {color rgb<0,0,0>}
      #end
        
      finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0}
      no_shadow
      
      rotate <30,30,0>
      translate <-12.45,14.65,-40>
      }
    #end


// Viewpoint - DO NOT CHANGE without recalculating the translate and rotate above,
// which align the letter markings in the image with the camera's viewing angle
#if (view = 0)
    camera {                    
        right <1,0,0> up <0,1,0>
        //right <1.33,0,0> up <0,1,0> 
        location <11,26,-33>     
        look_at <3,-16.5,0>
        angle 58                                                                             
        }
#elseif (view = 1)
    camera {
        right <1,0,0> up <0,1,0>
        location <6,45,-6>
        look_at <6,0,-6>
        angle 54
        }

#elseif (view = 2) 
    camera {
        right <1,0,0> up <0,1,0>
        location <-12.45,14.7,-40>
        look_at <6.032,-6.680,-7.936>
        angle 58
        } 
#end

light_source {<10000,5000,-5000> color rgb 1}

文件历史

点击某个日期/时间查看对应时刻的文件。

	日期/时间	大小	用户	备注
当前	2023年11月29日 (三) 16:52	1,200 × 1,200（268 KB）	Aero BSC	Added true anomaly angle, line from major body to minor body, and directionality of arrows
	2005年11月27日 (日) 15:49	1,200 × 1,200（197 KB）	Peo~commonswiki	Reordered letter annotations. Scene description modified to render several images.
	2005年11月23日 (三) 20:58	1,200 × 1,200（198 KB）	Peo~commonswiki	== Beskrivelse == Raytraced image showing the concepts of inclination, longitude of the ascending node, and argument of the periapsis for a "minor" object in an elliptic orbit around a larger object. Raytraced using the Persistence of Vision Raytracer an

文件用途

以下20个页面使用本文件：

全域文件用途

以下其他wiki使用此文件：

anp.wikipedia.org上的用途
- कक्षीय अवधि
ar.wikipedia.org上的用途
- دور مداري
- ميكانيكا سماوية
- مستوى مداري
- سرعة مدارية
- معادلة حفظ الطاقة المدارية
- ميكانيكا مدارية
- قالب:ديناميكا فلكية
- جاذبية سطحية
- احتكاك ديناميكي
arz.wikipedia.org上的用途
- ميكانيكا سماويه
be.wikipedia.org上的用途
- Элементы арбіты
bg.wikipedia.org上的用途
- Шаблон:MKC
- Шаблон:MKC/doc
bn.wikipedia.org上的用途
- সাধারণ ভরকেন্দ্র (জ্যোতির্বিজ্ঞান)
- টেমপ্লেট:জ্যোতির্গতিবিজ্ঞান
- কক্ষীয় ক্ষয়
- বায়বান্তরীক্ষ প্রকৌশল
- লাগ্রঁজ বিন্দু
ca.wikipedia.org上的用途
- Periheli
- Àpside
cdo.wikipedia.org上的用途
- Tiĕng-tā̤ lĭk-hŏk
ckb.wikipedia.org上的用途
- میکانیکی ئاسمانی
cv.wikipedia.org上的用途
- Тӳпери механика
de.wikipedia.org上的用途
- Benutzer:CWitte/Laplace-Ebene
en.wikipedia.org上的用途
- Apsis
- User:Rebestalic/sandbox
es.wikipedia.org上的用途
- Período orbital
- Ápside
eu.wikipedia.org上的用途
- Orbita-periodo
- Lankide:Joxan Garaialde/Grabitatearen laguntza
- Grabitatearen laguntza
fr.wikipedia.org上的用途
- Apoapside
- Périapside
- Mécanique céleste
- Utilisateur:Daniel exb/Apside
- Apside
fr.wiktionary.org上的用途
- Wiktionnaire:Collaboration de la semaine
- Wiktionnaire:Collaboration de la semaine/2024
- Modèle:Projet de la semaine/20 2024
- Wiktionnaire:Actualités/110-mai-2024
- Wiktionnaire:Actualités/110-mai-2024/fr
gl.wikipedia.org上的用途
- Johannes Kepler
hr.wikipedia.org上的用途
- Apogej
- Perigej
hy.wikipedia.org上的用途
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PNG文件备注	Render Date: 2023-11-28 20:19:11Z Platform: x86_64-pc-win Compiler: msvc 10
原始文件唯一ID	xmp.did:ff6f7727-451f-4a11-bed5-e905332c45d0
使用软件	GIMP 2.10
水平分辨率	28.35 dpc
垂直分辨率	28.35 dpc
文件修改日期时间	2023年11月28日 (二) 20:21

File:Angular Parameters of Elliptical Orbit.png

目录

摘要

Description (English)

Legend

Raytracing

Multiple images in one scene description

Beskrivelse (Dansk)

Nøgle

Raytracing

Fire billeder ud af én beskrivelse

许可协议

POV-Ray scene description

说明

此文件中描述的项目

描繪內容

軌道傾角

近拱点 ^{简体中文（已转写）}

著作權狀態

版权所有

许可协议

GNU自由文档许可证1.2或更高版本 ^{简体中文（已转写）}

創用CC姓名標示-相同方式分享3.0未本地化

成立或建立時間

23 11 2005

多媒體型式

image/png

核對和

f9096656ca785422e44d9238afe828549de4b8a5

資料大小

202,025 字节

高度

1,200 像素

寬度

1,200 像素

文件历史

文件用途

全域文件用途

元数据

摘要

Description (English)

Legend

Raytracing

Multiple images in one scene description

Beskrivelse (Dansk)

Nøgle

Raytracing

Fire billeder ud af én beskrivelse

许可协议

POV-Ray scene description

说明

此文件中描述的项目

近拱点 简体中文（已转写）

GNU自由文档许可证1.2或更高版本 简体中文（已转写）

23 11 2005

image/png

f9096656ca785422e44d9238afe828549de4b8a5

202,025 字节

1,200 像素

1,200 像素

文件历史

文件用途

全域文件用途

元数据

近拱点 ^{简体中文（已转写）}

GNU自由文档许可证1.2或更高版本 ^{简体中文（已转写）}