早期人類走出非洲

早期智人（人屬物種）的人口數次從非洲擴張到整個歐亞大陸，發生在舊石器時代早期和中期，即大約210萬年前到20萬年前。這些擴張與智人（解剖學上的現代人類，參見早期現代人）向歐亞大陸的擴張形成鮮明對比，後者可能在20萬年前開始（參看人類單地起源說）。^[1]

人屬（或任何人族）物種最早出現在非洲以外地區的歷史，可追溯到近200萬年前。 2018年一項研究主張，根據對含有石製品的最底層的磁性地層測年，早在2.12百萬年前在中國大陸中部上陳地區就有人類存在。^[2] 非洲以外已知最古老的人類骨骼遺骸，來自格魯吉亞的德馬尼西（參看喬治亞原人），可追溯到1.8百萬年前。

後來的擴張浪潮被認為在1.4百萬年前左右（參看阿舍利），與前人有關；在0.8百萬年前左右，與海德堡人有關。^[3]

直到1980年代初，早期人類被認為僅限於更新世早期的非洲大陸，即約0.8百萬年前；在早更新世，東非以外的古人類遷徙僅有少數已知證據。^[4]^[5]

早期分散

在希臘及安那托利亞等地發現的希臘古猿與歐蘭猿，時間約在距今8百萬年前。在克里特島發現的特拉奇洛斯足跡（英語：Trachilos footprint），時間約在距今6百萬年前。學者認為，這顯示當時人亞科的成員，已經由非洲拓展到地中海沿岸地區。

在距今5百60萬年前，南猿在東非出現。在距今2百80萬年前，在東非出現能人，為人屬的起源。由2018年發掘的上陳遺址，學者估計在距今2百萬年前，第一波人屬從非洲離開，進入歐亞大陸。第一波出走非洲的人屬，包括了喬治亞原人、佛羅勒斯人、海德堡人、尼安德特人、丹尼索瓦人與直立人等。由考古證據推斷，喬治亞原人的年代距今1百80萬年前，可能是最早一批移民。隨後是距今1百40萬年前進入歐洲的前人，以及8百萬年前抵達歐洲的海德堡人。

現今找到最早具備現代人類特徵的遺址，位於衣索比亞南部，估計距今約2百33萬年前。由以色列的考古發現，在距今12萬年前至8萬年前，現代人類已經再度離開非洲，進入歐亞大陸。進入歐亞大陸的現代人類，取代了原本居住在亞洲的直立人以及在歐洲的尼安德塔人。

參見

東南亞的古人類（英語：Archaic humans in Southeast Asia）
早期智人
古代人類與現代人類的雜交（英語：Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans）

參考資料

^ The term "Out of Africa I" is informal and somewhat rare. The phrase Out of Africa used on its own generally refers to "Out of Africa II", the expansion of anatomically modern humans into Eurasia. "Out of Africa I" is used in 2004, in Marco Langbroek, 'Out of Africa': an investigation into the earliest occupation of the Old World, p. 61, and as the title of a collection of essays, J. G. Fleagle et al. (eds.), Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia (2010). see also: Herschkovitz, Israel; et al. The earliest modern humans outside Africa. Science. 26 January 2018, 359 (6374): 456–459. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..456H. PMID 29371468. doi:10.1126/science.aap8369 . hdl:10072/372670 . ; Hurtley, Stella; Szuromi, Phil. Out of Africa Revisited. Science. 2005, 308 (5724): 922. S2CID 220100436. doi:10.1126/science.308.5724.921g.
^ Zhu Zhaoyu (朱照宇); Dennell, Robin; Huang Weiwen (黃慰文); Wu Yi (吳翼); Qiu Shifan (邱世藩); Yang Shixia (楊石霞); Rao Zhiguo (饒志國); Hou Yamei (侯亞梅); Xie Jiubing (謝久兵); Han Jiangwei (韓江偉); Ouyang Tingping (歐陽婷萍). Hominin occupation of the Chinese Loess Plateau since about 2.1 million years ago. Nature. 2018, 559 (7715): 608–612. Bibcode:2018Natur.559..608Z. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 29995848. S2CID 49670311. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0299-4. "Eight major magnetozones are recorded in the Shangchen section, four of which have normal polarity (N1 to N4) and four of which have reversed polarity (R1 to R4). By comparison with the geomagnetic polarity timescale [...] magnetozone N4 corresponds to the Réunion excursion (2.13–2.15 Ma) in L28."
^ Bar-Yosef, O.; Belfer-Cohen, A. From Africa to Eurasia – early dispersals. Quaternary International. 2001, 75 (1): 19–28. Bibcode:2001QuInt..75...19B. doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(00)00074-4.
^ Lahr, M. M. Saharan Corridors and Their Role in the Evolutionary Geography of 'Out of Africa I'. Baden, A.; et al (編). Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia. Springer Netherlands. 2010: 27–46. ISBN 978-90-481-9035-5.
^ Straus, L. G.; Bar-Yosef, O. Out of Africa in the Pleistocene: an introduction. Quaternary International. 2001, 75 (1): 2–4. Bibcode:2001QuInt..75....1S. doi:10.1016/s1040-6182(00)00071-9.

[1] The term "Out of Africa I" is informal and somewhat rare. The phrase Out of Africa used on its own generally refers to "Out of Africa II", the expansion of anatomically modern humans into Eurasia. "Out of Africa I" is used in 2004, in Marco Langbroek, 'Out of Africa': an investigation into the earliest occupation of the Old World, p. 61, and as the title of a collection of essays, J. G. Fleagle et al. (eds.), Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia (2010). see also: Herschkovitz, Israel; et al. The earliest modern humans outside Africa. Science. 26 January 2018, 359 (6374): 456–459. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..456H. PMID 29371468. doi:10.1126/science.aap8369 . hdl:10072/372670 . ; Hurtley, Stella; Szuromi, Phil. Out of Africa Revisited. Science. 2005, 308 (5724): 922. S2CID 220100436. doi:10.1126/science.308.5724.921g.

[Zhu2018-2] Zhu Zhaoyu (朱照宇); Dennell, Robin; Huang Weiwen (黃慰文); Wu Yi (吳翼); Qiu Shifan (邱世藩); Yang Shixia (楊石霞); Rao Zhiguo (饒志國); Hou Yamei (侯亞梅); Xie Jiubing (謝久兵); Han Jiangwei (韓江偉); Ouyang Tingping (歐陽婷萍). Hominin occupation of the Chinese Loess Plateau since about 2.1 million years ago. Nature. 2018, 559 (7715): 608–612. Bibcode:2018Natur.559..608Z. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 29995848. S2CID 49670311. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0299-4. "Eight major magnetozones are recorded in the Shangchen section, four of which have normal polarity (N1 to N4) and four of which have reversed polarity (R1 to R4). By comparison with the geomagnetic polarity timescale [...] magnetozone N4 corresponds to the Réunion excursion (2.13–2.15 Ma) in L28."

[Bar-Yosef,_O._2001-3] Bar-Yosef, O.; Belfer-Cohen, A. From Africa to Eurasia – early dispersals. Quaternary International. 2001, 75 (1): 19–28. Bibcode:2001QuInt..75...19B. doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(00)00074-4.

[Lahr_2010-4] Lahr, M. M. Saharan Corridors and Their Role in the Evolutionary Geography of 'Out of Africa I'. Baden, A.; et al (編). Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia. Springer Netherlands. 2010: 27–46. ISBN 978-90-481-9035-5.

[Straus2001-5] Straus, L. G.; Bar-Yosef, O. Out of Africa in the Pleistocene: an introduction. Quaternary International. 2001, 75 (1): 2–4. Bibcode:2001QuInt..75....1S. doi:10.1016/s1040-6182(00)00071-9.

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