番茄紅素
番茄紅素 | |
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IUPAC名 (6E,8E,10E,12E,14E,16E,18E,20E,22E,24E,26E)- 2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31- Octamethyldotriaconta- 2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30- tridecaene | |
识别 | |
CAS号 | 502-65-8 |
PubChem | 446925 |
ChemSpider | 394156 |
SMILES |
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InChI |
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InChIKey | OAIJSZIZWZSQBC-GYZMGTAEBZ |
EINECS | 207-949-1 |
ChEBI | 15948 |
性质 | |
化学式 | C40H56 |
摩尔质量 | 536.873 g·mol⁻¹ |
外观 | 深红色固体 |
熔点 | 172–173 °C |
溶解性(水) | 無法溶解 |
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。 |
番茄紅素(Lycopene、分子式 C40H56),又稱茄紅素。是親脂性亮紅色的類胡蘿蔔素色素,属于四萜,无维生素A活性;存在于番茄和其它紅色果实与蔬菜中,如:西瓜、葡萄柚、木瓜、胡萝卜等。
番茄紅素是人體最常見和是最有力的類胡蘿蔔素抗氧劑之一。它的英文名Lycopene是從番茄的種類分類茄屬Solanum lycopersicum中而來得。
色素
番茄紅素的顏色是由於碳的共軛雙鍵(即單鍵及雙鍵交互出現的結構)。其中的雙鍵降低了電子躍昇到高能階所需的能量,使分子吸收更長波長的可見光。[來源請求]番茄紅素吸收大多數的可見光,因此是紅色。
番茄紅素不溶於水,可做為食物色素。多孔材料(包括多數塑膠)很容易被番茄紅素染色。
若紡織品剛剛沾到番茄汁液,可以輕易的清除。但若塑膠被番茄紅素染色,番茄紅素會擴散到塑膠內,無論用熱水、肥皂、清潔劑都無法清除(不過用漂白水可以破壞番茄紅素的結構)。
食物來源
番茄紅素含量表 | |
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來源 | 茄红素含量 μg/g |
生番茄 | 8.8–42 |
番茄汁 | 86–100 |
茄汁(料理用) | 63–131 |
番茄醬 | 124 |
西瓜 | 23–72 |
葡萄柚 | 3.6–34 |
紅番石榴 | 54 |
木瓜 | 20–53 |
杏 | < 0.1 |
番茄紅素含量高的水果和蔬菜有番茄、西瓜、葡萄柚、芭樂、木瓜、紅椒。不同品種的番茄和番茄的成熟度也會影響蕃茄中番茄紅素的含量。據統計番茄和各類番茄製品佔了85%的日常生活番茄紅素攝取量。
不同於其他的營養素,例如維生素C,會在烹煮的過程中流失。番茄的食品加工,反而會提高番茄紅素的生物利用度。番茄醬中的番茄紅素的生物利用度比生鮮番茄高了四倍。這是因為番茄紅素不溶於水,但是溶於油,而且緊密地結合在植物纖維裡,所以烹煮、打碎番茄和加入油脂,可以大大提高消化系統吸收番茄紅素的能力。[來源請求]因此加工過的番茄製品像是番茄汁、湯、醬反而有比較高的生物利用度。[1][2][3]
註釋
- ^ 羅英妃. 番茄的茄紅素. 中華民國農業部. 2006-08-24 [2024-02-17]. (原始内容存档于2024-02-17) (中文).
茄紅素是為脂溶性的,必須經由油脂烹調而自然釋放出來,才能讓人體有效吸收。
- ^ 康健雜誌廣告企劃. 原來媽媽們都錯了?攝取茄紅素,這樣吃更有效。. 康健雜誌(天下生活出版股份有限公司). 2020-03-19 [2024-02-17] (中文).
新鮮蕃茄的茄紅素為人體不易吸收的反式茄紅素,但經加熱後其結構會轉化為易被吸收的順式茄紅素。因此專家們建議以攝取蕃茄製品取代生食蕃茄,特別是像蕃茄汁、蕃茄醬這類蕃茄製品,多了破碎、加熱以及搾汁等加工破壞的程序,更能快速釋放茄紅素,吸收的營養價值比直接生食蕃茄高3倍以上。而且茄紅素屬脂溶性,加入油脂一起食用,腸道更容易吸收其營養,吸收率與利用率反而更好。
- ^ 賴易成. 茄紅素要怎麼吃、吃多少才可以防癌?醫師教一口訣秒懂重點. 元氣網. 2023-06-01 [2024-02-17]. (原始内容存档于2024-02-17) (中文).
「番茄+油+醋」水煮組萃取出茄紅素含量最高,比「單獨番茄」沙拉組(只吃番茄)高出約 7 倍。
參考文獻
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